Understanding Digital Cameras

• DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) and mirrorless cameras are the most common types used by photographers.
• Both types come with interchangeable lenses, allowing for a broad range of shooting scenarios.
• The sensor inside the camera body is responsible for capturing light and turning it into an image.
• Megapixels relate to the resolution of the resulting image. Higher megapixel count generally results in better quality.

Shooting Modes

• Most cameras come with a range of different shooting modes.
• Auto mode makes all choices for you and is good for beginners.
• Program mode (P) allows you to adjust flash, white balance and other settings, but automates aperture and shutter speed.
• Aperture Priority (A or Av) lets you manually set the aperture, while the camera adjusts other settings.
• Shutter Priority (S or Tv) allows you to manually set the shutter speed.
• Manual Mode (M) gives you full control over all camera settings.

Understanding Aperture

• The aperture is the opening in the lens that lets light into the camera.
• A lower f-number (like f/1.8) signifies a larger aperture opening, which lets in more light.
• A higher f-number (like f/22) means a smaller aperture opening and less light entering.
• Aperture also affects depth of field. A large aperture has a shallow depth of field (only a small part of the image is in sharp focus), while a small aperture has a large depth of field (most of the image is in sharp focus).

Understanding Shutter Speed

• The shutter speed dictates how long the image sensor is exposed to light.
• Slower shutter speeds (like 1 second) mean the sensor is exposed for a longer time, resulting in more light and potentially motion blur.
• Faster speeds (like 1/1000th of a second) expose the sensor for less time, freezing motion.

Understanding ISO

• ISO controls the sensor's sensitivity to light.
• Lower ISO values (like ISO 100 or 200) mean less sensitivity and are ideal for well-lit scenes.
• Higher ISO values (like ISO 1600 or 3200) increase sensitivity, good for poorly lit scenes, but they may introduce digital noise, reducing image quality.

White Balance

• White balance corrects the colouring of the image, adjusting for the temperature of the light source.
• Your camera likely has WB presets for tungsten, fluorescent, daylight, cloudy, and flash scenes among others.
• Manual white balance adjustment is available in most DSLR and mirrorless cameras.

Focus

• Cameras offer manual and autofocus settings.
• Autofocus works well for most situations, but for precision, manual focus may sometimes be needed.
• The camera's AF points can be manually selected or auto-selected depending on the shooting scenario.

Metering Modes

• Your camera's metering modes provide different ways of determining the correct exposure.
• Centre-weighted metering gives preference to the centre of the frame, useful for portraits.
• Spot metering measures light at a single point, ideal for high-contrast scenes.
• Matrix or evaluative metering evaluates the light in the entire frame for an average reading.

Remember to practice using these settings and techniques to get a feel for how they influence your photos.