Biology
Core Concepts
Forming Biological Compounds
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Forming Biological Compounds
Forming Biological Compounds
Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions
- Condensation reactions are processes that result in the formation of large molecules, linked via covalent bonds, with a molecule of water produced.
- In hydrolysis reactions, large molecules are broken down into their constituent parts through the addition of water.
Monomers and Polymers
- Monomers are small, basic molecular units that are capable of binding to other monomers to form more complex structures. Monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides are monomers.
- Polymers are large, complex biomolecules assembled from monomers. Examples include polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are comprised of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They serve as energy stores, structural components, and recognition molecules.
- Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates and serve as monomers for larger carbohydrates. Glucose is a common example.
- Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides and are involved in energy storage and transport. Sucrose is a common example.
- Polysaccharides, formed from multiple monosaccharides, serve key roles ranging from energy storage (like starch) to structural support (like cellulose).
Proteins
- Proteins are composed of amino acids connected through peptide bonds.
- A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxylic group of another, producing water in a condensation reaction.
- Proteins have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Each level contributes to a protein's unique shape and function.
Nucleic Acids
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are polymers of nucleotides.
- Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base.
- DNA carries the genetic information for a cell, and RNA has a variety of roles relating to protein synthesis and regulation.
Lipids
- Lipids are a group of hydrophobic (water-repelling) molecules, not based on repeating monomer units.
- Triglycerides are lipids used for energy storage, while phospholipids form key structural components of cell membranes.
- Steroids, another form of lipid, are involved in many hormonal and structural roles.
