What is Decomposition?

• Decomposition is the process by which dead organic substances are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter such as carbon dioxide, water, simple sugars and mineral salts.
• The process is largely carried out by decomposers, a broad group of organisms that includes bacteria and fungi.

The Role of Decomposers

• Decomposers are extremely important as they break down dead plants and animals to simpler substances.
• This breakdown releases nutrients back into the soil, which can then be used by plants in their growth and development.
• Without decomposers, nutrients would be trapped in dead matter and unavailable for use by living organisms.

How Does Decomposition Occur?

• Decomposition begins with the process of decay. Bacteria and fungi (decomposers) secrete enzymes onto the dead material.
• These enzymes break the substance down into smaller, soluble molecules, which the decomposers can then absorb and use.
• This method of digestion, where the organism secretes enzymes onto the food to break it down, is called extracellular digestion.

Factors Influencing the Rate of Decomposition

• Like any other biological process, the rate of decomposition is influenced by several factors such as temperature, oxygen levels and water availability.
• A higher temperature generally increases the rate of decomposition, as it speeds up the metabolic activity of the decomposing organisms.
• Decomposition is also faster in moist environments as many decomposers require a liquid environment to function effectively.
• Oxygen is crucial for decomposition as many decomposers are aerobic organisms, meaning they need oxygen to live and function.

Impact of Decomposition on the Ecosystem

• Decomposition plays a crucial role in nutrient cycles, recycling materials from dead organisms back into the environment.
• It helps maintain the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle, which are crucial for sustaining life on Earth.
• As plants absorb the nutrients released by decomposers, the process of decomposition links the biotic (living) and the abiotic (non-living) parts of the ecosystem.