Principles of Scientific Methodology

Understanding the Scientific Method

• The scientific method is a process for experimentation, helping to understand the natural world.
• It involves systematic observation, experimentation, and hypothesis formulation.
• Emphasises on replicable findings, predictive power (if X happens, then Y must also occur), and being falsifiable.

The Steps of the Scientific Method

• Starts with a question: Scientific enquiry begins by asking questions about observations or phenomena.
• Formulation of a hypothesis: A plausible explanation for the observed phenomena is created.
• Experimentation: Tests are performed to confirm or refute the hypothesis.
• Data collection: Experimental data is gathered and recorded ensuring thorough, consistent, and un-biased results.
• Analysis and interpretation: The data is analysed and conclusions drawn. If the data supports the hypothesis, it becomes a theory.
• Publication: Findings are published for peer review and replication of results for validity and reliability.
• Repetition: Further experiments may be conducted to refine the theory, expand upon predictions, or even challenge and change the original theory.

Importance of Objectivity

• Scientists must deliberately avoid personal bias or prejudice when testing hypotheses.
• Double-blind studies may be used to limit subjective bias.

Observations and Inferences

• Observation is a fundamental part of science, describing the data gathered from sensory experiences.
• Inferences are explanations or interpretations of what is being observed.

Reliability and Validity

• Reliability refers to the repetition of a research study, to verify the consistency of the results.
• Validity refers to how well a scientific test or piece of research actually measures what it sets out to, or how well it reflects the reality it purports to represent.
• Both are pillars of trustworthiness in any scientific research or discovery.

Practical Applications of the Scientific Method

• Pursuit of knowledge and understanding about the universe.
• Aiding in problem solving and creating technologies advancement.
• Making informed decisions about health, environment, and societal changes.

Known Limitations

• The scientific method cannot make moral judgments, aesthetic judgments, or provide a solution for all possible problems.
• Subject to human error or perception.
• Science does not create inventions or directly lead to technological advancements, but rather provides knowledge that can be used for these purposes.