Fibre Classification and Sources

• Natural Fibres are sourced from plants (cellulosic) such as cotton and linen, and animals (protein) like wool and silk.
• Man-made Fibres either originate from natural polymers (regenerated fibres) such as rayon and acetate, or synthetic polymers (synthetic fibres) including nylon and polyester.

Fibre Structure and Properties

• A fibre’s structure directly affects its physical properties. Understanding this relationship is crucial in determining the suitability of fibres for particular applications.
• Polymer structure: fibres are made of polymers which are long chain molecules composed of repeating units. The nature of the molecules and how they are arranged impacts the fibre's properties.
• Crystalline and amorphous areas: crystalline regions in a fibre are orderly and tightly packed which contributes to its strength and resistance, while amorphous areas allow flexibility.
• Moisture absorption: fibres differ in their absorption capacities. Wool for example, can absorb a lot of moisture making it breathable, while synthetic fibres are often hydrophobic, repelling water.

Advanced Synthetic Fibres

• Innovations in fibre development have led to advanced synthetics with superior technical properties.
• Aramid fibres like Kevlar are exceptionally strong, heat resistant and used in areas like aerospace and military.
• Microfibres are extremely fine (thinner than silk), can have superior softness and drape, and are often used in high quality fabrics.
• Conductive fibres incorporate conductive elements enabling transmission of electrical signals, and are used in smart textiles.

Fibre Modification

• Fibres can be modified during or after production to enhance their performance.
• Solution-dyed fibres have colour pigments added during extrusion (at the liquid stage) giving them excellent colourfastness.
• Post-production treatments of fibres can make them flame-resistant, stain-resistant, or even add properties like antimicrobial action.

Fibre Environmental Impact

• Every fibre carries an environmental footprint, from the resources needed for production, through to their life cycle end.
• Cotton and synthetic fibres, such as polyester, have significant environmental concerns, including pollution, high water usage and non-biodegradability of synthetics.
• Sustainable fibres, like organic cotton, bamboo and biodegradable synthetics, are gaining importance due to their reduced environmental impact.
• Recycling and waste reduction strategies, such as closed-loop production systems, are evolving to reduce the negative impacts of textile fibre production.

Fibre Testing

• Standard tests are used to determine the properties of fibres, which helps to predict their performance in textiles.
• Strength tests are critical in determining the durability and longevity of the fibre.
• Other tests might measure absorbency, resistance to abrasion, elasticity, pilling performance and reaction to heat.

Remember, understanding the characteristics, properties and environmental impact of textile fibres is a crucial component of Advanced Textile Fibres and Structures, and will aid in the successful design and manufacture of textiles.