Section 1: Defining Economics

• Economics is a social science that explores how individuals, groups, and nations manage resources.
• It is about making choices in the face of scarcity.
• The central problem of economics revolves around scarce resources and unlimited wants.
• Economics studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
• It can be split into two main branches: microeconomics, which focuses on individuals and businesses, and macroeconomics, which looks at the economy as a whole.

Section 2: Economic Systems

• An economic system is the way a society organises the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
• There are three main types of economic systems: market economies, command economies, and mixed economies.
• A market economy, also known as a capitalist economy, is one where decisions on production and consumption are made by individual producers and consumers based on their own self-interest.
• A command economy, also known as a centrally planned economy, is one where decisions on production and consumption are made by a central authority, usually the government.
• A mixed economy is a combination of market and command economies, where both the market and the government play a role in deciding what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce it.

Section 3: Basic Economic Concepts

• Supply and demand are fundamental concepts of economics. They determine the price and quantity of goods and services in a market.
• The law of demand states that the quantity demanded of a good or service decreases as its price increases, ceteris paribus (all other things being equal).
• The law of supply states that the quantity supplied of a good or service increases as its price increases, ceteris paribus.
• An equilibrium price is the price where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.
• Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative given up when making a decision.

Section 4: The Role of Government in Economics

• The government plays a crucial role in economics through setting macroeconomic policies, such as monetary and fiscal policy.
• The government can also intervene in the market to correct market failures and to achieve a more equitable distribution of income and wealth.
• Monetary policy involves managing the money supply and interest rates to control inflation and stabilise the economy.
• Fiscal policy involves changing government spending and taxes to influence the level of demand in the economy.

Section 5: International Economics

• International economics studies the economic interactions between different countries.
• It covers topics such as trade, international finance, and development economics.
• Key concepts include comparative advantage, which explains why countries trade, and exchange rates, which affect the price of imports and exports.
• It also looks at the role of international organisations, such as the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund.