Materials in Construction

• Natural materials are those obtained from the environment with little to no human intervention, such as clay, sand, and timber. Clay and sand are used for bricks and mortar, while timber is valuable for structural elements and joinery.

• Manufactured materials, like cement, plaster, and concrete, are produced from natural resources but require human manipulation. Cement and plaster provide binding characteristics and are vital in wall construction. Concrete, a mixture of cement, sand, and aggregate, is used for foundations, walls, and floors due to its durability and accessibility.

• Metal materials are commonly utilised in construction projects. Steel is principally used in structural frames and reinforcements due to its strength and flexibility. Meanwhile, aluminium is typically found in window frames and panels because it's lightweight and resistant to corrosion. Copper, often used in plumbing and roofing, is prized for its malleability and durability.

• Synthetic materials like plastic and polymers are used for insulating, waterproofing, and creating interior fittings. Plastics are also used in piping, cladding, and flooring due to its resistance to environmental elements and low maintenance characteristics.

Components in Construction

• Structural components form the skeleton of the building. They include foundations, columns, beams, and roofs. Foundations anchor the building to the ground, columns are vertical members supporting loads from above, beams span between columns to create horizontal support, and roofs protect from environmental conditions.

• Non-structural components control and improve the building’s environment. These encompass internal walls, doors, windows, floors and ceilings. They create divisions within the building, provide access and egress, control light and ventilation, create tranquillity and privacy, and affect aesthetic appearance.

• Mechanical and electrical components provide essential services for modern buildings. Mechanical components refer to HVAC systems, while electrical components designate wiring, sockets, switches, and lighting fixtures. Together, these systems ensure the physical comfort and safety of occupants.

• Finish components add aesthetic and functional enhancements to the building. This includes paint, wallpaper, tiles, carpets, and architectural hardware. The choice of these elements impacts the perceived quality and atmosphere of the built environment.

Remember to consider the sustainability and life-cycle assessment of materials and components; this contributes to the environmental impact of construction. Natural materials are often more sustainable, but each component should be evaluated for its specific context and application.