A Level Global Perspectives and Research CAIE

This subject is broken down into 30 topics in 5 modules:

  1. Science, Technology, and Society 6 topics
  2. Global Politics and International Relations 6 topics
  3. Human Rights, and Social Justice 6 topics
  4. Environment and Sustainable Development 6 topics
  5. Personal and Public Health 6 topics
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  • 5
    modules
  • 30
    topics
  • 13,023
    words of revision content
  • 1+
    hours of audio lessons

This page was last modified on 28 September 2024.

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Global Perspectives and Research

Science, Technology, and Society

Biotechnology and genetic engineering

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Biotechnology and genetic engineering

Understanding Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

  • Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, it encompasses techniques for modifying living organisms according to human purposes.
  • Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. It involves the addition, removal or alteration of genetic material.
  • Genetic engineering techniques include recombinant DNA technology, gene cloning and gene therapy.
  • CRISPR-Cas9 is a sophisticated genetic engineering technique that can accurately add, delete or modify genes.

Applications and Benefits of Biotechnological Techniques

  • Medical field: genetic engineering has potential use in creating personalised medicines, producing insulin for diabetic patients and the development of gene therapy for genetic disorders.
  • Agriculture: biotechnology can be used to create GM crops resistant to pests, diseases, and harsh environmental conditions, enhancing food security.
  • Environmental science: biotechnology can help in waste management through bioremediation, the process of using organisms to neutralize pollutants.

Ethical and Moral Considerations

  • The issue of 'playing God' arises with genetic modification, especially with technologies like gene editing in human embryos, leading to designer babies.
  • Equity issues: Biotechnology advancements might only be accessible to the affluent, creating a socio-economic divide.
  • Ownership and patenting of life forms is another major ethical issue, as it can lead to monopolization and exploitation.
  • Biotechnology might be used for malicious purposes, for example, in creating bioweapons.

Risks and Criticisms of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

  • The risk of creating unintended mutations which could have unpredictable impacts on the environment and human health.
  • Concerns about the long-term effects of consuming GM foods, as the health impacts are still not completely understood.
  • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) could potentially crossbreed with natural organisms, impacting ecosystems.
  • Biotechnology industries may prioritize profit over potential ecological or health risks.

Legislation and Regulatory Bodies

  • The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) oversees the use of pre-embryonic stages of human embryos for research or treatment in the UK.
  • The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) provides scientific advice and communication on existing and emerging risks in relation to genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
  • International ethical guidelines such as the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki guide human experimentation including genetic manipulation.
  • In the USA, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the release of genetically engineered organisms.

Course material for Global Perspectives and Research, module Science, Technology, and Society, topic Biotechnology and genetic engineering

Global Perspectives and Research

Human Rights, and Social Justice

Language, customs, beliefs, and religious practices

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Language, customs, beliefs, and religious practices

Language, Customs, and Beliefs

  • Language can serve both as a tool for communication and a vehicle through which cultural heritage, beliefs, and worldviews are transmitted.
  • Customs are specific actions, behaviours or practices that are traditionally observed within a particular group or community.
  • Respect for language, customs and beliefs is a crucial aspect of intercultural understanding, facilitating dialogue and fostering mutual respect.
  • The homogenising effect of globalisation on language and customs can pose a challenge to cultural diversity and identity.
  • Violations of cultural rights, including the suppression of language, customs and beliefs, can constitute a violation of human rights.

Religious Practices and Human Rights

  • Freedom of religion is a fundamental human right as asserted by Article 18 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
  • This encompasses the right to practice one's faith openly, to change religion or belief, and to practice religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
  • Restricting religious practices or persecuting individuals based on their faith can lead to social unrest and conflicts.
  • Interfaith dialogue can play an important role in mitigating tensions, promoting understanding and advocating for human rights.

Language, Customs, Beliefs and Social Justice

  • Social justice is underpinned by the principles of equity, access, participation and rights which applies to language, customs and beliefs.
  • Language equity involves ensuring all peoples have the right to preserve and develop their languages and to receive education in their mother tongue.
  • Negative stereotypes or biases towards certain customs, beliefs or religious practices can lead to discrimination and social injustice.
  • Efforts towards social justice include advocating for cultural inclusivity, promoting acceptance of diverse identities and combating discrimination.

Religion and Social Welfare

  • Religion can significantly influence social welfare policies and practices at both a societal and individual level. It influences moral and ethical values and societal norms.
  • However, it's important to avoid religion-based discrimination in welfare distribution to ensure equal access to services and opportunities, irrespective of individuals' beliefs.
  • The role of faith-based organisations in providing social services and community support can be influential in addressing social well-being and justice.

Role of Language, Customs, Beliefs and Religious Practices in Social Justice

  • Understanding and respect for varied languages, customs, beliefs and religious practices is instrumental in promoting a culturally diverse and inclusive society.
  • Advocating for Cultural Rights can empower marginalised and minority groups and promote social justice.
  • Dialogue, education and policies that respect cultural diversity can challenge prejudices, combat discrimination, and contribute to a more socially just world.

Course material for Global Perspectives and Research, module Human Rights, and Social Justice, topic Language, customs, beliefs, and religious practices

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