Arguing by Analogy: An Overview

• Analogy is a type of argument that offers a comparison to make a particular point clear.
• Arguing by analogy is often used in debates, discourse and negotiation, to draw parallels and highlight shared attributes or behaviours.
• Analogies should only be extended as far as their similarities are valid; overstretching can lead to false conclusions.

Structure of an Analogy

• An analogy often takes the form of "A is to B as C is to D", where A and B are the known entities and C and D are the entities being compared.
• For an analogy to be effective, the relationship between A and B must be clear and valid.

Using Analogy in Argument

• An analogy can support an argument by providing a familar context for the reader or listener.
• Analogies can make abstract concepts more concrete, simplifying complex ideas and making them easier to understand.
• Analogies should not be overused; they work best sparingly and with careful selection.

Potential Problems with Analogies

• Faulty analogies: This occurs when the comparison is inaccurate or irrelevant, thereby leading to false or misleading conclusions.
• Overextended analogies: Analogies should only be used as far as the similarities are relevant to the argument. Overextending an analogy can lead to misunderstanding.

Assessing Analogy in Arguments

• When encountering an analogy in argument, it is important to judge its validity.
• Verify the analogy by checking the underlying logic. Are there true similarities between the entities being compared?
• Consider whether the analogy is a necessary part of the argument or is more of an illustrative tool.
• Be aware of false or misleading analogies, as they can confuse or misdirect.

Steps to Construct an Effective Analogy

• Identify the concept or principle you want to explain.
• Find a comparable situation or entity with the same principle.
• Clearly outline the similarities (and differences, if necessary) to draw your analogy.
• Use your analogy to clarify and support your argument.