Unseen Greek Passages for Translation

Understanding the Passages

• The first step towards successfully translating Greek is fully comprehending the meaning of the original text.
• Consider the overall context; what is the passage discussing and what is its significance?
• Identifying the subject and verb of each sentence is crucial. Keep in mind, Greek word order can be flexible.
• Identifying noun cases can provide guidance about sentence structure and relationships between different elements.

Personal Pronouns and Verbs

• Translate personal pronouns carefully as they are often omitted in Greek but are necessary in English.
• Understand the different tense, mood, and voice of verbs. Greek verbs carry more information than English ones, and your translation should reflect this.
• Be mindful of deponent verbs and optative moods which may not translate directly into English.

Use of Particles

• Greek particles (like δέ, μέν, γάρ) often have no direct English equivalent but are necessary to indicate shifts in thought, contrast, or emphasis. Understand their role in the sentence to make the English translation as accurate as possible.
• Look for particles that introduce conditions or indirect statements; the correct rendering of these can alter the sentence's meaning significantly.
• If you see the word καί, be careful of its role. It could translate as 'and', 'also', 'even', 'indeed', or could indicate a sharp shift in topic or a contrast.

Mastery of Vocabulary

• Increasing your knowledge of vocabularies will drastically improve your translation speed and accuracy.
• Always be prepared to encounter new words. Make educated guesses based on the context and root of the word, but always check in a dictionary to be sure.
• Learn to recognise prefixes and suffixes. They often have consistent meanings, which can provide clues to the meaning of unknown words.

Use of Syntax and Sentence Structure

• Translate the Greek idioms into natural English. A word-for-word translation often leads to awkward phrasing.
• Greek syntax often allows for greater complexity and length than English. Break down long sentences into smaller units to make it more manageable.
• Be aware of changes in subject within long sentences. Greek frequently changes the subject with no indication except a different verb form.
• When you have finished translating, always read through your work to ensure it makes sense in English. If not, re-examine the original Greek for clues to the correct translation.

Each prose will be different, but by preparing in these areas, you will put yourself in the best possible position for the unseen translation portion of the Greek exam. Always remember to stay calm and thorough, giving yourself plenty of time to consider each sentence in detail. This will not only improve the accuracy of your translations, but also your appreciation of Greek literary style and thought. Learning to translate Greek is as much about learning to understand the Greek mind as it is about learning the language.