Level 3 Health, Optical and Pharmacy BTEC

This subject is broken down into 36 topics in 12 modules:

  1. Human Lifespan Development 3 topics
  2. Working in Health and Social Care 3 topics
  3. Meeting Individual Care and Support Needs 3 topics
  4. Sociological Perspectives 3 topics
  5. Psychological Perspectives 3 topics
  6. Supporting Individuals with Additional Needs 3 topics
  7. Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Illness 3 topics
  8. Dispensing Optical Appliances and Medicines 3 topics
  9. Ophthalmic Lenses and Dispensing 3 topics
  10. Contact Lenses 3 topics
  11. Pharmacology 3 topics
  12. Pharmacy Law and Ethics 3 topics
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  • 12
    modules
  • 36
    topics
  • 13,528
    words of revision content
  • 1+
    hours of audio lessons

This page was last modified on 28 September 2024.

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Health, Optical and Pharmacy

Human Lifespan Development

Physical, intellectual, emotional, and social development across the human lifespan

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Physical, intellectual, emotional, and social development across the human lifespan

Physical Development Across the Human Lifespan

  • Begins in the womb through prenatal development which includes three stages: the germinal, embryonic and fetal stage
  • Newborn development mainly involves physical growth and motor skill improvement
  • During infancy (0-3 years), significant milestones include rolling over, sitting up, crawling, and toward the end, walking
  • Throughout childhood (4-11 years), development of fine motor skills (e.g. tying shoelaces) and gross motor skills (e.g. riding a bike) takes place
  • Adolescence (12-18 years) involves the onset of puberty resulting in growth spurts, development of secondary sexual characteristics and menstruation in females
  • Adulthood is categorised into early (19-45 years), middle (46-65 years) and later (65+ years) stages, featuring continued physical development, stability then decline in physical capabilities, respectively

Intellectual Development Across the Human Lifespan

  • Neonates start learning through their senses
  • In infancy, language development and problem-solving abilities begin
  • Childhood is a critical stage for cognitive development, encompassing memory formation, attention span increase and development of logical thinking
  • Adolescence comes with an increase in abstract thinking, decision-making skills, and the ability to reason through complex problems
  • Early and middle adulthood involve continued learning, while late adulthood may involve intellectual decline due to ageing processes, although this varies significantly among individuals

Emotional Development Across the Human Lifespan

  • Newborns primarily show emotional responses such as crying for discomfort or quietness for comfort
  • In infancy, emotions such as joy, fear and anger appear, with emotional attachments to caregivers forming
  • Throughout childhood, individuals begin to understand and express a wider range of more complex emotions
  • Adolescence often involves an emotional rollercoaster due to hormonal fluctuations accompanied with an increased focus on peer relationships and self-identity
  • Emotional development continues in adulthood, incorporating the ability to handle more complex emotional situations and experiences

Social Development Across the Human Lifespan

  • An infant's social world revolves around their relationship with caregivers
  • Childhood is a crucial time for developing relationships with peers, understanding social norms, and learning social roles
  • Adolescents often increasingly focus on social relationships outside the family, particularly with their peers and they begin exploring romantic relationships
  • Adults often form long-term romantic partnerships, and their social circle may expand to include professional relationships
  • Late adulthood often involves retirement, which may change several aspects of their social dynamics

Remember to look at these developments in a holistic manner rather than in isolation, as development in one area often impacts another. Remember, everyone develops at their own pace and experiences can greatly influence development.

Course material for Health, Optical and Pharmacy, module Human Lifespan Development, topic Physical, intellectual, emotional, and social development across the human lifespan

Health, Optical and Pharmacy

Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Illness

Basic structures and functions of the body systems

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Basic structures and functions of the body systems

I. Structures and Functions of the Skeletal System

  • The skeletal system is primarily made up of bones and joints.
  • It provides a framework that supports the body and aids movement.
  • It also protects internal organs, e.g., the skull protects the brain.
  • The skeletal system is involved in forming blood cells (a process called haematopoiesis) within the bone marrow.
  • It also stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

II. Structures and Functions of the Muscular System

  • There are three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
  • Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and are responsible for voluntary movements.
  • Smooth muscles are found in hollow organs and structures, e.g., blood vessels; they perform involuntary actions.
  • Cardiac muscle is exclusively found in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood around the body.

III. Structures and Functions of the Respiratory System

  • The respiratory system primarily consists of the lungs and the airways leading to them.
  • Its primary function is gas exchange: oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide, a waste product, is exhaled.
  • The exchange of gases happens in tiny air sacs in the lungs called alveoli.

IV. Structures and Functions of the Digestive System

  • The digestive system is a series of organs that convert food into nutrients that the body can use.
  • It begins with the mouth (where food is chewed and mixed with saliva) and ends with the rectum (where waste is expelled).
  • Other organs in the system include the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

V. Structures and Functions of the Circulatory System

  • The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
  • The heart pumps blood through blood vessels, providing the body with oxygen and nutrients.
  • The circulatory system also helps regulate body temperature and maintain the body's pH balance.

VI. Structures and Functions of the Nervous System

  • The nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
  • It coordinates the body's actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body.
  • The nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (all other nerves).
  • The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary actions like heart rate and digestion.

VII. Structures and Functions of the Reproductive System

  • The male reproductive system includes the penis, testes, and prostate gland.
  • The main function of the male system is to produce sperm and deliver it to the female.
  • The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
  • The female system's role is to produce eggs, nurture the fertilised egg, and give birth.

Course material for Health, Optical and Pharmacy, module Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Illness, topic Basic structures and functions of the body systems

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