Section: Pre-Industrial Revolution Development

• The Grand Tour, a tradition emerged in the 17th to 18th centuries, where wealthy young men travelled primarily to European major cities as part of their education.
• Pilgrimages, such as the voyages to the Holy Land, were one type of early tourism made across Europe and Asia, and were an integral part of many religions.
• The early use of sea travel for leisure purposes, where people travelled by sailing boats or steamships for health benefits or relaxation.

Section: Post-Industrial Revolution Development

• The birth of the railway system during the Industrial Revolution significantly decreased travel time and cost, opening up opportunities for middle-class family holidays.
• The founding of Thomas Cook & Son in 1845, one of the first travel agencies, which marked a big step in making travel more organised and accessible.
• Establishment of seaside resorts as popular holiday destinations following the invention of paid holidays for workers.

Section: 20th Century Progressions

• The rise of mass air travel, largely due to the advent of jet aircraft in the 1950s and 1960s, making tourism more global.
• Establishment of chartered flights and holiday packages, making overseas travel more affordable and popular.
• The growth of automobile tourism due to increased car ownership, leading to the rise of motels and drive-thru services.
• The evolution of the cruise ship industry, providing luxurious experiences and access to multiple destinations in one trip.
• The development and spread of the internet, drastically changing how travel is researched and booked, and facilitating the emergence of online travel agencies.

Section: 21st Century Innovations

• The advent of low-cost airlines, further opening accessibility of air travel and increasing competitiveness within the airline industry.
• The growth and prevalence of online booking sites and travel reviews platforms, making travel planning more convenient and transparent.
• The emergence of sharing economy platforms like Airbnb, offering more localised and unique travel experiences.
• Increased awareness and concern for sustainable tourism, prompting changes in traveller behaviour, business practices and policies.

Section: Effects of Global Events

• Impact of world events such as terrorism, natural disasters, and pandemics on travel and tourism behaviour, leading to the fluctuation of tourism demand and shift in preferred travel destinations.
• The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic impacts, including devastation to international travel and tourism, acceleration of digitalisation, and potential future shifts towards more local, sustainable tourism.