Section 1: Basic Elements of Notation

• Music notation is a visual record of heard or imagined music.
• The five-line staff is the foundation of music notation, where notes are placed.
• Clefs determine the pitch range for the notes. The most common are the treble and bass clefs.
• Notes represent sound in written music. Each note has a pitch (represented by its position on the staff) and a duration.
• Rests symbolise silence; like notes, they have different symbols for different durations.
• The Grand Staff combines the treble and bass clefs and is often used for piano and harp music.

Section 2: Key Signatures and Scales

• A key signature shows what key a piece of music is in and is denoted at the beginning of the music piece.
• The Major scale has seven distinct pitches and is the basis for Western music.
• The Minor scale also has seven distinct pitches, but has a different sequence of intervals than the Major scale.
• Modal scales (such as the Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, etc.) are also important to know, each with a unique sequence of intervals.

Section 3: Rhythm and Meter

• Time signatures indicate how many beats are in each measure. The top number specifies the number of beats and the bottom number represents the note value.
• Beats are the regular rhythmic pulse of the music.
• Different patterns of strong and weak beats constitute different meters (e.g., duple, triple, quadruple).
• Syncopation is a rhythmic effect produced when the expected rhythmic accent is delayed.

Section 4: Dynamics, Articulation and Expression Marks

• The volume of a piece of music is captured in the dynamics, represented in notation by terms such as "p" for piano (quiet) and "f" for forte (loud).
• Articulation marks denote how individual notes should be performed, e.g., staccato (short and detached), legato (smoothly connected).
• Further expression marks instruct the performer on the mood or pace of the piece – words like allegro (fast), andante (walking pace), adagio (slowly), etc.

Section 5: Repeat Signs and Codas

• Bar lines are used to divide the staff into measures.
• Repeat signs indicate portions of the music that should be played more than once.
• Endings (or Volta Brackets) indicate different sets of measure to play in repeated sections.
• The Coda symbol directs the performer to skip to the ending segment of the piece.

Remember, music notation is a language; learning to read it fluently will greatly enhance your musical experience.