Power: Different Definitions

Traditional View of Power

• The traditional view of power sees it as the ability of A to make B do something that B would not otherwise do.
• This definition depends on a direct relationship between those with power (A) and those without (B).
• This perspective involves clear, observable conflict of interest and uses methods such as sanctions or rewards.
• Critics of the traditional view argue that it does not account for more complex or subtle forms of control, and only looks at direct forms of power.

Second Dimension of Power

• The second dimension of power includes both direct and indirect forms of control.
• Proponents argue that power can be exercised not only by making people do things, but also by influencing their desires and beliefs.
• It also includes the ability of A to prevent B from having a say in decision-making processes.
• However, it has been criticised for its lack of focus on the underlying social structures that perpetuate power dynamics.

Structural View of Power

• The structural view of power argues that it exists within the social, economic or political structures, rather than being possessed by individuals or groups.
• According to this view, power is built into the system so that it naturally favours certain groups over others.
• This form of power is often less visible, working subtly to shape interests, control information and limit the scope of decision-making.
• Critics argue this view might overemphasise invisible power and ignores overt instances of coercion or domination.

Cultural View of Power

• The cultural view posits power lies not just in structure but also in shared symbols, meanings, and discourses.
• Power can be exercised through the dominance of certain ideologies, by framing how we understand and interact with the world.
• This view highlights more convincingly how biases can become normalised or 'naturalised' within societies.
• Critics of this perspective argue it might overlook the material conditions and structural instances of power.

Relational View of Power

• The relational view sees power as something that is enacted rather than possessed.
• According to this perspective, power is not a finite resource but can be created and changed in interaction between people.
• Proponents argue that power can work in empowering ways, besides aspects of domination and subordination.
• Critics argue that this definition of power can stray into the realm of the abstract, losing sight of concrete instances where power is exerted.