Education and Socialisation

• Socialisation is the process through which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviours of their society. Education is a critical part of this process.
• Formal socialisation occurs in structured environments like schools. Here pupils learn explicit rules, such as dress code, and implicit ones, such as disciplinary expectations.
• Hidden curriculum refers to the unspoken or implicit lessons that children learn in school, such as obedience to authority and conformity.
• Education serves as an agent of secondary socialisation, reinforcing societal norms and values and shaping individuals' behaviour and attitudes.

Theoretical Perspectives on Education

Functionalism

• Functionalists believe education plays a vital role in maintaining social cohesion and order.
• They argue that education imparts a shared value consensus which is crucial for social harmony.
• They see education as preparing individuals for their future roles in society; this concept is known as role allocation.

Marxism

• Marxists view education as a tool used by the bourgeoisie (the ruling class) to perpetuate their dominance over the proletariat (the working class).
• They argue that education reproduces class inequalities by favouring the rich and disadvantaging the poor.
• They also believe that education serves to instil the ideology of the ruling class, a phenomenon referred to as ideological state apparatus.

Interactionism

• Interactionists focus on individual experiences and interactions within the education system.
• They argue that labelling and self-fulfilling prophecy can impact a child's educational achievement - if a child is labelled as 'bright' or 'dull', they may internalise this label and act accordingly.
• They also study how factors such as race, gender and class can affect teacher expectations and subsequently impact student performance.

Culture and Identity in Education

• Education can shape an individuals' cultural outlooks through the teaching of literature, history, and social sciences.
• It can form a major part of individuals' societal identity – for example, the prestige associated with attending a prestigious university can affect personal identity.
• Pupils may develop a unique educational identity as a part of a subculture within the school, influenced by factors such as peer groups, teacher perceptions, and academic achievement.
• The interplay of factors such as gender, ethnicity, and socio-economic status can influence a student's educational experiences, outcomes and overall identity.

Educational Policy and Equality

• Government educational policies play key roles in shaping the education system and attempt to address educational inequality.
• Policies such as the introduction of grammar schools, the tripartite system, comprehensive schooling, and academies each hold differing implications for social equality.
• The correlation between social class and educational achievement is a key concern in the sociology of education.
• Factors such as material deprivation, cultural capital, and social capital have significant impacts on educational access and achievement.