Higher Sociology SQA

This subject is broken down into 22 topics in 3 modules:

  1. Human Society 9 topics
  2. Culture and Identity 10 topics
  3. Social Issues 3 topics
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This page was last modified on 28 September 2024.

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Sociology

Human Society

Common-sense and sociological approaches and the differences between them

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Common-sense and sociological approaches and the differences between them

Common-Sense Approaches to Society

  • Common-sense knowledge is often based on personal experiences, judgements and assumptions.
  • It tends to be subjective, as it is heavily influenced by personal biases.
  • This approach refers to the knowledge someone has of the world that's developed from daily life, without formal study or examination.
  • It rarely questions the fundamental aspects of social life and assumes that things are the way they are due to natural or logical reasons.
  • Common-sense knowledge generally lacks a theoretical framework, being driven by practical considerations rather than by systematic study.
  • It does not recognise its own limitations and lacks reflexivity.

Sociological Approaches to Society

  • The sociological approach is about using specific methods and theories to study the social world.
  • This approach emphasises on research and testing hypothesis rather than just relying on conventional wisdom or common-sense knowledge.
  • Unlike common-sense, sociological approach is systematic and empirical; it relies on measurable and verifiable evidence.
  • It provides a framework in which the social world can be examined at different levels of abstraction and from varying perspectives.
  • This approach recognises that individual behaviour is influenced by larger social forces and structures, not just personal traits or motivations.
  • The sociological approach is reflexive: It acknowledges its own biases and limitations, striving for objectivity.

Differences Between Them

  • Common-sense knowledge is based on personal experience while sociological knowledge is based on scientific methods of data collection and analysis.
  • Sociological approaches are systematic and empirical, while common-sense approaches tend to be anecdotal and lack systematic investigation.
  • Unlike common-sense, sociological knowledge is theory-driven, meaning it is based on established scientific theories.
  • Common-sense approaches often do not question their own premises, while sociological approaches constantly reconsider their assumptions and methods in the light of new evidence.
  • Sociological approach understands individual behaviour in the context of broader social structures, while common-sense tends to attribute behaviour to individual traits or motivations.

Course material for Sociology, module Human Society, topic Common-sense and sociological approaches and the differences between them

Sociology

Culture and Identity

The impact of socialisation on the formation of identity

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The impact of socialisation on the formation of identity

The Role of Socialisation in the Formation of Identity

  • Socialisation is the process by which an individual learns the norms, values, behaviours, and social skills appropriate to his or her social position.
  • Socialisation plays a pivotal role in developing an individual's sense of personal identity and is fundamental to our sense of self.
  • The process of socialisation influences how we perceive ourselves and how we fit into society - this includes our gender identity, cultural identity, and social class identity.

Types of Socialisation and Their Impact on Identity Formation

  • Primary socialisation is the first stage of socialisation, typically occurring within the family. This stage significantly shapes our self-concept, beliefs and values, which are integral parts of our identity.
  • During primary socialisation, children learn language, norms and values, and roles that shape their initial identity.
  • Secondary socialisation involves learning what is the appropriate behaviour within smaller sections of the larger society. This includes areas such as religious, professional and academic groups.
  • The secondary socialisation process enables individuals to develop a more complex, multi-faceted identity that is adaptable to different social contexts.

Socialisation and the Formation of Gender Identity

  • Socialisation plays a crucial role in shaping our gender identity, which is our innermost sense of being male or female.
  • From a young age, children are typically socialised into traditional gender roles, influencing their later identity, behaviours and attitudes.
  • For example, girls might be encouraged to play with dolls and boys with action figures, reflecting societal gender norms.

Role of Agents of Socialisation in Identity Formation

  • Agents of socialisation, such as family, peers, school and the media, all contribute to the shaping of an individual's identity.
  • The family provides the earliest exposure to socialisation and greatly influences attitudes and behaviours, sometimes reinforcing societal or cultural norms.
  • Schools offer an environment away from the home where socialisation takes place in a structured and formal manner.
  • Peer groups provide a sense of belonging and acceptance, quickening the development of individual identities separate from family.
  • The media can influence identity by shaping perceptions and providing information and values, often reinforcing societal norms.

Cultural Socialisation and Identity

  • During socialisation, individuals learn about their cultural heritage and history, practices, customs and traditions.
  • Mastery over this knowledge allows individuals to affirm their cultural identities and play meaningful roles within their cultural communities.
  • Understanding one's cultural heritage contributes significantly to a sense of self and a personal identity that is in sync with the cultural identity.

Course material for Sociology, module Culture and Identity, topic The impact of socialisation on the formation of identity

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