Sexual Ethics
Sexual Ethics within Various Ethical Theories
Utilitarianism
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Utilitarianism addresses sexual ethics towards the principle of maximum utility. Actions are deemed ethical if they bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
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This perspective could justify sexual behaviours that are mutually enjoyable and consensual, providing they cause no harm.
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However, the calculus nature of utilitarianism might lose sight of individual sexual rights and respect, focusing solely on quantitative happiness.
Kantian Ethics
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In contrast, Kantian ethics places central importance on the principle of respect for persons and could condemn sexual behaviours that manipulate or objectify others.
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For Kantians, sex outside of marriage may be unethical as it risks treating individuals as means to an end, and could undermine dignity and rationality.
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While seemingly rigid, this ethical approach upholds the equal worth of all individuals within sexual relations and vehemently opposes exploitation.
Natural Law
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Natural Law, primarily associated with St. Thomas Aquinas, would assess sexual ethics primarily in terms of natural fertility. The main purpose of sex, according to Natural Law theorists, is procreation.
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Hence, this perspective could oppose non-procreative sexual practices, contraceptives, or same-sex relationships. Here, human reason aligns with the natural purpose.
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However, this doctrine’s strict biological interpretation may be critiqued for its reductionist view of human sexuality and lack of consideration for emotional dimensions.
Situation Ethics
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Situation Ethics contends that the most ethical action in any situation is the most loving one. This Agapic love (selfless love) is the primary guide for sexual ethics.
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It may validate wide-ranging sexual behaviours, so long as they are guided by love and mutual respect, thus offering a relatively liberal stance on sexual ethics.
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The ambiguity of situational ethics, however, could potentially justify a variety of behaviours, making it open to criticism for relative values.
Virtue Ethics
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Virtue Ethics focuses on character traits that constitute a 'good' life. This perspective would encourage virtue in sexual behaviour, such as fidelity, honesty, and kindness.
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Issues such as promiscuity, dishonesty, or coercion would be contrary to the virtuous life and therefore deemed unethical.
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Virtue Ethics' personal character focus might eschew concrete rulings on sexual behaviours and instead encourages cultivation of virtues to guide ethical decisions.