A Level Sport Science CCEA

Skeletal System

Skeletal System Overview

• Skeletal system comprises 206 bones and is responsible for providing support, protection and movement to the body.
• It includes the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and the appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles).
• The skeletal system also has an important role in blood cell production (in the bone marrow) and mineral storage (calcium and phosphate).

Bone Structure

• A bone is made up of compact (dense) and spongy bone. The compact bone forms the hard outer shell, while the spongy bone is found within it.
• Bones are living tissue and consist of different types of cells: osteoblasts (bone building), osteocytes (bone maintaining), and osteoclasts (bone breaking).
• Periosteum surrounds the bone, providing nourishment, protection, and a location for muscle attachment.

Bone Development and Growth

• The bones grow from growth plates located near the ends of the long bones.
• During growth, bones elongate due to the activity of cartilage cells in the growth plates.
• When growth is finished, usually around age 21, the growth plates close and are replaced by solid bone.
• The shape and structure of bones continue to change throughout life in response to the forces placed upon them, a process known as bone remodelling.

Types of Bones

• There are five main types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.
• Long bones, such as the femur, help to create movement.
• Short bones, like those in the wrist and ankle, provide support and stability with little to no movement.
• Flat bones, such as the scapula, serve as protection for the body's internal organs.
• Irregular bones, such as the vertebrae, serve various functions depending on their location.
• Sesamoid bones, like the patella, are embedded in tendons and protect them from wear and tear.

Function of the Skeletal System in Sport

• The skeletal system allows for movement by acting as levers during muscle contraction. This is essential in all sports from running to weight lifting.
• Joints, where bones meet, allow for a range of movement. The type of joint determines the amount and type of movement possible.
• Without the skeletal system, the body would not be able to maintain its shape or protect vital organs, essential for overall health and sporting performance.
• In certain sports, advantageous bone structures can provide a performance edge, such as longer leg bones in running, or bone density in contact sports.

Injuries and Conditions

• Athletes are prone to a number of conditions and injuries affecting the skeletal system such as fractures, osteoporosis, arthritis and rickets.
• Understanding the skeletal system plays a key role in injury prevention, effective training, and rehabilitation in sport.
• Proper nutrition, equipment, training, and conditioning can reduce skeletal injuries.

Remember to link the role of the skeletal system with improving physical performance in your answers. Reference specific sports, injuries or conditions when applicable to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding.