GCSE Biology (Combined) AQA
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90 topics in 9 modules
☑️ DNA 10 topics
- Structure and Role of DNA: Composition, Functions, and Importance
- DNA Replication: Process and Significance
- Genetic Code: Understanding Sequences and Coding for Proteins
- Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation
- Mitosis: Cell Division and Growth
- Mutations: Causes, Types, and Effects on Proteins
- DNA Technology: Gene Cloning and DNA Fingerprinting
- Genomics and DNA Sequencing: Techniques and Applications
- Ethical Considerations of Genetic Engineering and Genomics
- Genetic Disorders: Causes, Types, and Examples such as Cystic Fibrosis and Sickle Cell Anaemia.
☑️ Mitosis and the cell cycle 10 topics
- Overview of Cell Cycle: Introduction to the different phases
- Importance of Cell Cycle: Role in growth, development and repair
- Overview of Mitosis: Definition and role of Mitosis in the cell cycle
- Stages of Mitosis: Descriptions of Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
- Chromosome behavior during Mitosis: How chromosomes behave during each phase of Mitosis
- Significance of Mitosis: The result of Mitosis and its importance in producing genetically identical cells
- The Role of Centrioles in Mitosis: Their function in cell division
- The Cytokinesis process: How it works immediately after Mitosis
- Control of the Cell Cycle: Understanding of how the cell cycle is controlled and regulated
- Problems in Cell Cycle and Mitosis: Discussion on errors, Mutations and Cancer formation
☑️ Cell Biology 12 topics
- Cell Structure: Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- Cell Structure: Animal Cells
- Cell Structure: Plant Cells
- Cell Structure: Cell Specialisation
- Cell Structure: Cell Differentiation
- Cell Structure: Microscopy
- Cell Division: Chromosomes
- Cell Division: Mitosis and the Cell Cycle
- Cell Division: Stem Cells
- Transport in Cells: Diffusion
- Transport in Cells: Osmosis
- Transport in Cells: Active Transport
☑️ Organisation 10 topics
- Principles of Organisation
- Animal Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems: The Human Digestive System
- Animal Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems: The Heart and Blood Vessels
- Animal Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems: Blood
- Animal Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems: Coronary Heart Disease
- Animal Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems: Health Issues
- Animal Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems: Lifestyle and Non-Communicable Diseases
- Animal Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems: Cancer
- Plant Tissues, Organs and Systems: Plant Tissues
- Plant Tissues, Organs and Systems: Plant Organ System
☑️ Infection and Response 9 topics
- Communicable Diseases
- Viral Diseases
- Bacterial Diseases
- Fungal Diseases
- Protist Diseases
- Human Defence Systems
- Vaccination
- Antibiotics and Painkillers
- Discovery and Development of Drugs
☑️ Bioenergetics 6 topics
- Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic Reaction
- Photosynthesis: Rate of Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis: Uses of Glucose from Photosynthesis
- Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
- Respiration: Response to Exercise
- Respiration: Metabolism
☑️ Homeostasis and Response 8 topics
- Homeostasis
- The Human Nervous System
- Hormonal Coordination in Humans: Human Endocrine System
- Hormonal Coordination in Humans: Control of Blood Glucose Concentration
- Hormonal Coordination in Humans: Hormones in Human Reproduction
- Hormonal Coordination in Humans: Contraception
- Hormonal Coordination in Humans: The Use of Hormones to Treat Infertility
- Hormonal Coordination in Humans: Feedback Systems
☑️ Inheritance, Variation and Evolution 14 topics
- Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
- Reproduction: Meiosis
- Reproduction: DNA and the Genome
- Reproduction: Genetic Inheritance
- Reproduction: Inherited Disorders
- Variation and Evolution: Variation
- Variation and Evolution: Evolution
- Variation and Evolution: Selective Breeding
- Variation and Evolution: Genetic Engineering
- Genetics and Evolution: Evidence for Evolution
- Genetics and Evolution: Fossils
- Genetics and Evolution: Extinction
- Genetics and Evolution: Resistant Bacteria
- Classification of Living Organisms
☑️ Ecology 11 topics
- Adaptations, Interdependence, and Competition: Communities
- Adaptations, Interdependence, and Competition: Abiotic Factors
- Adaptations, Interdependence, and Competition: Biotic Factors
- Adaptations, Interdependence, and Competition: Adaptations
- Organisation of an Ecosystem: Levels of Organisation
- Organisation of an Ecosystem: How Materials are Cycled
- Biodiversity and the Effect of Humans on the Environment: Biodiversity
- Biodiversity and the Effect of Humans on the Environment: Waste Management
- Biodiversity and the Effect of Humans on the Environment: Land Use
- Biodiversity and the Effect of Humans on the Environment: Deforestation
- Biodiversity and the Effect of Humans on the Environment: Maintaining Biodiversity
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GCSE Biology (Combined) AQA Revision Content
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GCSE Biology (Combined) AQA - Mitosis and the cell cycle - Overview of Cell Cycle: Introduction to the different phases Content Preview
Mitosis and the cell cycle
Overview of Cell Cycle: Introduction to the different phases
Overview of the Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is a series of ordered events in a cell leading to its division and duplication of DNA to produce two identical daughter cells.
Interphase
- Interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle. It is when the cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division.
- It is divided into G1, S, and G2 phases.
- In the G1 phase, the cell increases in size and synthesises proteins and molecules.
- The S phase (synthesis) is when the cell replicates its DNA.
- The G2 phase is a period of rapid cell growth and protein synthesis during which the cell prepares itself for mitosis.
Prophase
- The first stage of mitosis is prophase. In this phase, the chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes.
- The nuclear envelope breaks down, and the centrioles begin to move to opposite ends of the cell (poles).
Metaphase
- During metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate (equator) of the cell.
- Spindle fibres from each centriole attach to each sister chromatid at their centromeres.
Anaphase
- In anaphase, the centromeres of each chromosome separate, and identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase and Cytokinesis
- In telophase, a nuclear membrane re-forms around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes unwind back into chromatin.
- During cytokinesis, cytoplasm splits and two new cells are formed. Each new cell, now known as daughter cells, enter G1 phase of interphase.
- Cytokinesis is slightly different in plant cells, where a cell wall must also be generated between the new cells. This is done through the formation of a structure called the cell plate.
Remember, understanding the stages of the cell cycle and the process of mitosis is crucial, as they underpin growth and repair in all organisms.
Question: What happens to the chromosomes during the anaphase stage of the cell cycle?
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