Moctezuma's Empire
Moctezuma II's Reign and Rule
- Moctezuma II ruled the Aztec Empire from 1502 until 1520, from the capital city of Tenochtitlan.
- Moctezuma's rule witnessed an expansion of the Aztec Empire, showing signs of a strong and decisive leader. Technological development, military conquests and diplomatic alliances strengthened the empire’s reach and influence.
- Despite being the emperor, he was not the absolute ruler. His power was somewhat limited by the advice from a council of nobles and warriors, manifesting a form of limited monarchy.
- His reign had a strong emphasis on religion. He believed he was appointed by the gods and was responsible for pleasing them through rituals and sacrifices. This conviction led to an increase in human sacrifice during his rule.
Economic and Social Structure
- The Empire was divided into provinces which were ruled by local governors. However, these provinces paid tributes to Tenochtitlán.
- Aztec society was hierarchical. Nobles and priests were at the top, followed by warriors, merchants, artisans and farmers, and then slaves.
- There was possible upward mobility for warriors and merchants based on merit - a warrior could rise through the ranks due to bravery or a merchant could gain status through wealth.
Religion and Culture
- The Aztecs followed a polytheistic religion, worshipping a diverse range of gods. The sun god, Huitzilopochtli, was among the most important, whom they appeased with human sacrifice.
- Religion permeated all aspects of Aztec life, with various festivals and rituals held throughout the year.
- Education was also a crucial facet of Aztec society. All boys received education in schools, while the upbringing of girls was often left to the women in the family.
Relations with Neighbouring Civilisations
- The Aztecs maintained diplomatic ties with some surrounding tribes, but often forced others into paying tribute.
- There were frequent conflicts with neighbouring city-states and tribes, the Tlaxcalan being the most significant. Such conflicts led to the beginning of the empire’s fall with these city-states allying with the Spanish.