Introduction to Buddhism
Origins and Beliefs
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Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, also known as the Buddha, in the 6th century BCE in present-day Northern India.
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Siddhartha had a life-changing experience upon being exposed to the reality of aging, sickness, and death; this led him to renounce his royal comforts and begin his quest for the end of suffering, eventually leading to attain enlightenment.
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One of the key starting points in Buddhist teaching is the Four Noble Truths. These are the truths of suffering, the cause of suffering, the end of suffering, and the path to the end of suffering.
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The way to end suffering, according to Buddhism, is by following the Eightfold Path, which includes right understanding, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.
Key Concepts in Buddhism
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The Buddhist concept of Dukkha refers to the inherent suffering and dissatisfaction that exists in life.
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Anatta. Most religions believe in a 'self' or a 'soul'. However, in Buddhism, the doctrine of Anatta specifies there is no eternal, unchanging soul or self.
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Anicca. This is the belief that everything in life is impermanent and constantly changing.
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Buddhism puts great emphasis on karma and the laws of cause and effect - what a person sows, they will reap.
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Nirvana is the ultimate goal in Buddhism—a state of perfect peace and happiness.
Key Practices in Buddhism
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Meditation is a key practice in Buddhism, used to develop mindfulness and concentration, and to gain insight and understanding of the nature of the self.
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Dana or generosity is a key virtue in Buddhism, prescribing the giving of aid to others without expectation of anything in return.
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The principle of non-violence or Ahimsa is central in Buddhist ethics, mandating kindness and compassion towards all living beings.
Significant Buddhist Sects
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The two major branches of Buddhism are Theravada and Mahayana. Theravada, meaning the 'way of the elders', is the oldest and is based on the earliest teachings. Mahayana, meaning the 'great vehicle', emerged later and includes a broad range of practices and beliefs.
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Vajrayana Buddhism, also known as Tibetan Buddhism, is a major branch of Mahayana Buddhism. It features many unique practises and concepts such as tantric practices and the belief in reincarnated lamas.
Remember to engage with these key concepts and principles in a thoughtful manner, and focus on comprehension and understanding rather than rote memorisation.