GCSE Sport Science OCR

Skeletal System

Skeletal System Overview

• The human skeletal system comprises over 200 distinct bones.
• Acts as the body's structural framework, gives the body its shape and provides support.
• Protects the body's precious organs like the brain, heart and lungs.
• Works in conjunction with the muscular system to facilitate movement.
• Major site of blood cell production, occurs in the bone marrow.
• Functions as a storage space for important minerals including calcium and phosphorus.

Types of Bones

• Long bones: Are larger and provide strength, structure and mobility. Examples include femur, humerus.
• Short bones: Are close to a cube shape and offer support and stability with some motion. Examples include bones in the wrist and ankle.
• Flat bones: Are expansive surfaces for muscle attachment and protect internal organs. Examples are skull, sternum, ribs.
• Irregular bones: Have complex shapes and serve various functions in the body. Examples are vertebrae, hip bones.

Bone Marrow

• Located in the center of many bones.
• Red marrow produces red and white blood cells and platelets.
• Yellow marrow stores fat that can be used as an energy source.

Joint Types

• Pivot joints: Allow rotation around an axis. Found in the neck.
• Hinge joints: Permit movement in one direction. Found in the elbows, knees.
• Ball and socket joints: Allow for all round movement. Found in the shoulders, hips.

Common Injuries and Conditions

• Fractures: Break or crack in a bone.
• Sprains: Damage to ligaments around a joint.
• Osteoporosis: Condition that weakens bone, making them more susceptible to fractures.
• Arthritis: Inflammation of the joints causing pain and stiffness.