IB Geography Higher Level
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46 topics in 13 modules
☑️ Unit 1: Changing Population 3 topics
- Population and economic development patterns
- Changing populations and places
- Challenges and opportunities
☑️ Unit 2: Global Climate 3 topics
- Causes of global climate change
- Consequences of global climate change
- Responing to global climate change
☑️ Unit 3: Global Resource Consumption and Security 3 topics
- Global trends in consumption
- Impacts of changing trends in resource consumption
- Resource stewardship
☑️ Unit 4: Power, Places and Networks 3 topics
- Global interactions and global power
- Global networks and flows
- Human and physical influences on global interactions
☑️ Unit 5: Human Development and Diversity 3 topics
- Development opportunities
- Changing identities and cultures
- Local responses to global interactions
☑️ Unit 6: Global Risks and Resilience 3 topics
- Geopolitical and economic risks
- Environmental risks
- Local and global resilience
☑️ Option A: Freshwater 4 topics
- Drainage basin hydrology and geomorphology
- Flooding and flood mitigation
- Water scarcity and water quality
- Water management futures
☑️ Option B: Oceans and Coastal Margins 4 topics
- Ocean and atmosphere interactions
- Interactions between oceans and coastal places
- Managing coastal margins
- Ocean management futures
☑️ Option C: Extreme Environments 4 topics
- The characteristics of extreme environments
- Physical processes and landscapes
- Managing extreme enviroments
- Extreme environments futures
☑️ Option D: Geophysical Hazards 4 topics
- Geophysical systems
- Geophysical hazard risks
- Hazard risk and vulnerability
- Future resilience and adaptation
☑️ Option E: Leisure, Tourism and Sport 4 topics
- Changing leisure patterns
- Tourism and sport at the local and national scale
- Tourism and sport at the international level
- Managing tourism and sport for the future
☑️ Option F: Food and Health 4 topics
- Measuring food and health
- Food systems and spread of diseases
- Stakeholders in food and health
- Future health and food security and sustainability
☑️ Option G: Urban Environments 4 topics
- The variety of urban environments
- Changing urban systems
- Urban environmental and social stresses
- Building sustainable urban systems for the future
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IB Geography Higher Level Revision Content
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IB Geography Higher Level - Unit 1: Changing Population - Population and economic development patterns Content Preview
Unit 1: Changing Population
Population and economic development patterns
Population Structures
- Populations vary by age, sex, and economic role leading to different population structures.
- Demographic transition model (DTM) provides an idea of how populations shift and change over time due to economic development.
- Population pyramids are useful tools for visualising age-sex structure of a population.
Economic Development and Population Growth
- Economic prosperity often leads to urbanisation.
- Rural to urban migration occurs due to push and pull factors.
- Urban sprawling may occur, causing problems such as increased pressure on services and transport.
- Finance (wealth), goods and services flow from core regions to peripheral regions.
- Government policies influence the spatial pattern of economic activities and population distribution.
Population and Development Links
- High population growth rates can both promote and constrain economic development.
- Though a large workforce can propel economic development, excessive population growth may strain resources, leading to poverty and underdevelopment.
- Countries with low population growth rates often have higher per capita incomes and a higher quality of life.
- An unbalanced age structure can impact a country's economic development (e.g. young or ageing populations).
Migration and Development
- International migration can lead to brain drain or brain gain.
- Remittances from migrants can significantly contribute to the economy of home countries, enhancing infrastructure and prompting businesses.
- Economic development often results in a shift from manual labour towards skills and service-based industries, influencing internal migration patterns.
Impacts of Global Interactions
- Globalisation and development are often linked with increased spatial interactions, including the flow of goods, services, money, and people.
- Global shift in manufacturing has created loss of jobs in MEDCs and a gain in jobs in LEDCs.
- Transnational corporations (TNCs) play crucial roles in global interactions, affecting economic development and population movements.
Population Predictions
- Understanding population trends helps in planning economic activities and predicting potential challenges.
- On a global scale, population pressures may lead to issues like resource shortage, overcrowding, and environmental issues.
- Local level predictions inform decisions around urban planning, social services, and employment opportunities.
Question: Explain one reason why a high dependency ratio can constrain economic development.
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