iGCSE History Edexcel
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123 topics in 22 modules
βοΈ A divided union: civil rights in the USA, 1945-74 5 topics
- The Red Scare and McCarthyism
- Civil rights in the 1950s
- The impact of civil rights protests, 1960-74
- Other protest movements: students, women, anti-Vietnam
- Nixon and Watergate
βοΈ The Weimar Republic 1918-1929 11 topics
- Formation of the Weimar Republic and the impact of World War I
- The economy: hyperinflation and recovery
- The Treaty of Versailles: terms, reactions within Germany, and international responses
- Early challenges to the Weimar Republic: left and right wing uprisings and the Kapp Putsch
- Changes in society: women's rights, education and youth
- Impact of the Golden Age of Cinema and the Bauhaus art movement
- The influence of the USA: The Dawes and Young Plans
- Political stability: Stresemann's influence and the Locarno Treaties
- Relationship with the League of Nations and foreign policy objectives
- The rise of extremism and the impact of the Wall Street Crash
- Collapse of the republic and challenges from the Nazi Party
βοΈ America: from new nation to divided union, 1783-1877 5 topics
- Building a new nation, 1783-1809
- Westward expansion and Native American removal, 1803-49
- Slavery, the South and the causes of secession, 1850-61
- Civil War and the end of slavery, 1861-65
- A More Perfect Union? 1865-77
βοΈ A world divided: superpower relations, 1943-72 5 topics
- Reasons for the Cold War
- Early developments in the Cold War, 1945-49
- The Cold War in the 1950s
- Three crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia
- The Thaw and moves towards Detente, 1963-72
βοΈ Changes in medicine, c1848-c1948 5 topics
- Progress in the mid- 19th century; Nightingale, Chadwick, Snow and Simpson
- Discovery and development, 1860-75; Lister and Pasteur
- Accelerating change, 1875-1905; Ehrlich, Koch and chemistry
- Government action and war, 1905-20
- Advances in medicine, surgery and public health 1920-48; the NHS
βοΈ China: conflict, crisis and change, 1900-89 5 topics
- The fall of the Qing, Warlordism and chaos, 1900-34
- The triumph of Mao and the CCP, 1934-49
- Change under Mao, 1949-63
- The Cultural Revolution and its impact, 1965-76
- China, 1976-89
βοΈ Colonial rule and the nationalist challenge in India, 1919-47 5 topics
- The Rowlatt Acts, Amritsar and the Government of India Act, 1919
- Gandhi and Congress, 1919-27
- Key developments, 1927-39
- The impact of the Second World War on India
- Communal violence, independence and partition, 1945-47
βοΈ Development of a nation: unification of Italy, 1848-70 5 topics
- The 1848 Revolutions in the Italian states
- Developments in Piedmont, 1849-54
- The defeat of Austria, 1854-59
- Garibaldi and the Papal States
- Venice and Rome and the extent of unification by 1870
βοΈ Dictatorship and conflict in the USSR, 1924-53 5 topics
- The leadership struggle, 1924-29
- Five-year Plans and collectivisation
- Purges, show trials, the cult of Stalin and the revision of history
- Life in the Soviet Union, 1924-41
- The Second World War and after, 1941-53
βοΈ East Germany, 1958-90 5 topics
- The Berlin Wall crisis, 1958-63
- Stabilisation and control: the GDR, 1962-87
- Life in the GDR - social change, 1962-87
- Ostpolitik - relations with the Federal Republic, 1969-87
- The Peaceful Revolution, 1987-90
βοΈ French Revolution, c1780-99 5 topics
- The origins of the Revolution, c1780-87
- Short-term causes of the Revolution: from Assembly of Notables to Estates General, 1787-89
- Developments 1789-92
- Convention and Terror, 1792-94
- Directory and First Consul - the fall of Robespierre to the rise of Napoleon, 1794-99
βοΈ Germany: development of dictatorship, 1918-45 5 topics
- The establishment of the Weimar Republic and its early problems
- The recovery of Germany, 1924-29
- The rise of Hitler and the Nazis to January 1933
- Nazi Germany 1933-39
- Germany and the occupied territories during the Second World War
βοΈ Japan in transformation, 1853-1945 5 topics
- Japan opening up to China and the West, 1853-67
- Transformation, 1867-1895
- An emerging power, 1895-1919
- Political and economic challenges, 1919-31
- Depression, empire and collapse, 1931-45
βοΈ Russia and the Soviet Union, 1905-24 5 topics
- Tsarist rule in Russia, 1905-14
- Opposition to Tsarist rule 1914-17: the impact of war and the February Revolution
- Provisional Government and the Bolshevik Revolution
- The Bolshevik consolidation of power and the Civil War
- War Communism and the New Economic Policy (NEP)
βοΈ South Africa: from union to the end of apartheid, 1948-94 5 topics
- Setting up apartheid, 1948-54
- The growth of apartheid, 1955-59
- Resisting apartheid, 1955-78
- PW Botha - response to resistance, 1978-90
- Dismantling Apartheid, 1990-94
βοΈ The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919-2011 5 topics
- The changing nature of warfare, 1919-39
- Changing methods of warfare by land, air and sea, 1939-45
- New forms of conflict - nuclear and guerrilla war versus conventional war, 1945-75
- Conventional war and the development of 'new' wars, 1976- 2000
- Changing methods of warfare at the beginning of the 21st century, 2000-2011
βοΈ The changing role of international organisations: the league and the UN, 1919-c2011 5 topics
- The creation and successes of the League, 1919-29
- The League challenged, 1930-39
- Setting up the United Nations Organisation and its work to 1964
- The UN challenged, 1967-89
- The UN at bay, 1990-2011
βοΈ The Middle East: conflict, crisis and change, 1917-2012 5 topics
- Build up of tension in Palestine, 1917-46
- The creation of Israel, the war of 1948-49 and the Suez Crisis of 1956
- Tension and conflict, 1956-73
- Diplomacy, peace then wider war, 1973-83
- The attempts to find a lasting peace, 1987- 2012
βοΈ The origins and course of the First World War, 1905-18 5 topics
- The alliance system and international rivalry, 1905-14
- The growth of tension in Europe, 1905-14
- The Schlieffen Plan and deadlock on the Western Front
- The war at sea and Gallipoli
- The defeat of Germany
βοΈ The Treaty of Versailles, 1919 12 topics
- Causes and Conditions Leading to the Treaty
- Main participants and their motives in the peace conference
- The terms and clauses of the Treaty itself
- The territorial, military and economic conditions imposed on Germany
- The reaction to the Treaty in Germany, Britain, France and USA
- The impact of the Treaty on the Weimar Republic
- The concept and implementation of βWar Guiltβ and reparations
- The formation and role of the League of Nations
- The views and opposition of key figures such as Woodrow Wilson and Clemenceau
- The overall consequences and effectiveness of the Treaty
- Subsequent treaties with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey.
- The legacy and long-standing effects of the Treaty on world politics
βοΈ The USA, 1918-41 5 topics
- The Roaring Twenties
- Increased social tensions in the 1920s
- The USA in Depression, 1929-33
- Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1933-41
- The Opposition to the New Deal
βοΈ The Vietnam Conflict, 1945-75 5 topics
- The struggle against France for independence, 1945-54
- US policy and intervention, 1954-64
- Confrontation in the Vietnam War, escalation 1964-68
- Nixon and Ford's policies - Vietnamisation, peace and Communist victory, 1969-75
- The impact of conflict on civilians in Vietnam and attitudes in the USA
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iGCSE History Edexcel Revision Content
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iGCSE History Edexcel - The Weimar Republic 1918-1929 - Formation of the Weimar Republic and the impact of World War I Content Preview
The Weimar Republic 1918-1929
Formation of the Weimar Republic and the impact of World War I
Formation of the Weimar Republic
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The Weimar Republic was formed in 1919 following the collapse of the German Empire at the end of World War I. Named after the city where the constituent assembly took place, it marked the start of Germany's first experiment with democracy.
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The Weimar constitution, created in August 1919, established Germany as a federal republic with a parliamentary system. The president held significant powers, including the ability to dissolve the Reichstag, appoint the chancellor, and declare a state of emergency.
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The Republic was the result of a revolution that occurred in November 1918. Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated, allowing Chancellor Ebert to declare a republic, end World War I, and begin peace negotiations.
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The Spartacist Uprising in January 1919 challenged the Weimar government. Communists, headed by leaders such as Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, attempted to seize control of the government but were violently overridden by the Freikorps.
Impact of World War I
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Germany's defeat in World War I significantly affected the Weimar Republic. The Treaty of Versailles, signed in June 1919, held Germany responsible for the war, leading to harsh penalties, territorial losses, and a severe blow to national pride.
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Germany was obliged to accept the war guilt clause, which held it responsible for initiating the conflict and led to crippling reparations. This measure created resentment among Germans and dissatisfaction with the Weimar government, which was labelled the 'November Criminals'.
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The economic consequences of the war included rampant inflation and huge levels of national debt, resulting in many people losing their life savings. This economic instability contributed to significant social unrest.
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The severe economic, political, and social challenges faced by the Weimar Republic in the aftermath of World War I provided fertile ground for the future rise of extremist political parties, notably the Nazis.
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The legacy of World War I, such as the military tradition, loss of territory, and humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles, fuelled nationalist sentiments and dissatisfaction with the Weimar government. This ultimately paved the way for the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the rise of Nazism.
Question: What significant powers did the Weimar Constitution grant to the president of Germany?
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