Principles of Scientific Methodology
Principles of Scientific Methodology
Understanding the Scientific Method
- The scientific method is a process for experimentation, helping to understand the natural world.
- It involves systematic observation, experimentation, and hypothesis formulation.
- Emphasises on replicable findings, predictive power (if X happens, then Y must also occur), and being falsifiable.
The Steps of the Scientific Method
- Starts with a question: Scientific enquiry begins by asking questions about observations or phenomena.
- Formulation of a hypothesis: A plausible explanation for the observed phenomena is created.
- Experimentation: Tests are performed to confirm or refute the hypothesis.
- Data collection: Experimental data is gathered and recorded ensuring thorough, consistent, and un-biased results.
- Analysis and interpretation: The data is analysed and conclusions drawn. If the data supports the hypothesis, it becomes a theory.
- Publication: Findings are published for peer review and replication of results for validity and reliability.
- Repetition: Further experiments may be conducted to refine the theory, expand upon predictions, or even challenge and change the original theory.
Importance of Objectivity
- Scientists must deliberately avoid personal bias or prejudice when testing hypotheses.
- Double-blind studies may be used to limit subjective bias.
Observations and Inferences
- Observation is a fundamental part of science, describing the data gathered from sensory experiences.
- Inferences are explanations or interpretations of what is being observed.
Reliability and Validity
- Reliability refers to the repetition of a research study, to verify the consistency of the results.
- Validity refers to how well a scientific test or piece of research actually measures what it sets out to, or how well it reflects the reality it purports to represent.
- Both are pillars of trustworthiness in any scientific research or discovery.
Practical Applications of the Scientific Method
- Pursuit of knowledge and understanding about the universe.
- Aiding in problem solving and creating technologies advancement.
- Making informed decisions about health, environment, and societal changes.
Known Limitations
- The scientific method cannot make moral judgments, aesthetic judgments, or provide a solution for all possible problems.
- Subject to human error or perception.
- Science does not create inventions or directly lead to technological advancements, but rather provides knowledge that can be used for these purposes.