Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy and Its Basic Principles
- Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts.
- The smallest unit is a cell which forms tissues, these tissues then combine to form organs, and these organs together form body systems.
- Important body systems include the skeletal, muscular, respiratory, circulatory/cardiovascular, digestive, and nervous systems.
- Bones form the structure of our body. They protect, assist in movement, and produce red and white blood cells.
- Muscles (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac) are crucial for movement and maintaining posture.
Physiology and Its Key Concepts
- Physiology is the science of how body systems work and interact to maintain normal functions.
- Our heart pumps blood around the body, transporting oxygen, nutrients, and other key substances to cells.
- Our lungs are crucial for gaseous exchange - taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.
- The digestive system breaks down food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling waste.
- The nervous system (central and peripheral) controls responses, conscious activities, and reflexes.
Fitness and Its Elements
- Fitness can be general or specific, relating to cardiovascular or muscular endurance, strength, flexibility, or speed.
- Cardiovascular Endurance is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles over a sustained period.
- Muscular Endurance is the ability of a muscle group to continue muscle movement over a length of time.
- Strength is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to apply force and overcome resistance.
- Flexibility is the ability to move our joints and muscles through their full range of motion.
- Speed is the ability to move as quickly as possible from one point to another.
Body's Response to Physical Activity
- Physical activity results in increased heart and breathing rates to supply more oxygen to the working muscles.
- Repetitive weight-bearing activities increase bone density.
- Regular physical activity enhances overall cardiovascular and muscular endurance.
- Exercise stimulates the body's production of endorphins, positively affecting mood and sleep patterns.
- Regular physical training leads to skill development and improved performance.
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