Level 3 Applied Human Biology BTEC
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116 topics in 27 modules
☑️ Cells, Tissues and Biological Molecules 9 topics
- General structure and function of biological molecules
- Structure and function of specific biological molecules
- Cellular ultrastructure and function
- Transport of substances into and out of cells
- Cellular activities
- Stages and cellular activities during the cell cycle and divisions
- Chromosome formation and nuclear division
- Principles of homeostasis
- Control of body temperature and physiological responses to extremes of temperature
☑️ Nervous System 5 topics
- Sensory, motor and relay neurones
- Central and peripheral nervous system
- Transmission of action potential
- Synaptic transmission
- Reflex actions and reflex arcs
☑️ Cardiovascular and Respiratory System 2 topics
- Circulatory and respiratory system structure and function
- Causes and common symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), Stroke, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Hypertension and Hypotension
☑️ Digestive and Excretory System 8 topics
- Structure and function of kidneys, nephron, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
- Water balance control and its effect on blood pressure
- Structure and function of the stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, duodenum, ileum and colon
- Digestion, absorption and assimilation of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
- Location and conditions required for effective action of digestive enzymes
- Control of blood glucose levels
- Dietary needs
- Assessing dietary and nutritional problems
☑️ Cellular Injury and Repair 4 topics
- Cellular responses, to include cellular swelling, effect on ATP production
- Cell adaptations
- Responses of tissues to injury
- Causes, mechanisms and health consequences of reversible and irreversible cell and tissue injury
☑️ Diagnostic Techniques 2 topics
- Basic methods, equipment, result format, unit of measurement and interpretation for diagnostic techniques
- Haematology
☑️ Immune Respone 4 topics
- Innate (non-specific) physical, chemical and biological defences
- Adaptive primary immunity
- Adaptive secondary immunity
- Passive immunity
☑️ Immune Dysfunction 3 topics
- Autoimmune diseases
- Primary and secondary immunodeficiency diseases
- Allergies and allergens
☑️ Gene Expression 3 topics
- Transcription of DNA to RNA
- Translation and splicing of RNA to produce proteins
- Hereditary and acquired genetic mutations
☑️ Genetic Disorders and Diagnosis 7 topics
- Understand the terms allele, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, heterozygous, homozygous, sex linkage, carrier, affected/sufferer, non-affected/non-sufferer
- Genetic and chromosomal disorders
- Characteristics of benign and malignant tumour growth
- Effects of mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressing genes
- Interpretation of genetic diagrams
- Methods and limitations of obtaining DNA samples
- Diagnostic tests for genetic and chromosomal disorders
☑️ Characteristics of Different Microorganisms 3 topics
- Prokaryotes
- Eukaryotes
- Acellular viruses and prions
☑️ Methods of Pathogenicity 4 topics
- Virulence factors of bacteria
- Virulence factors of eukaryotes
- Virulence mechanisms of viruses and prions
- Underlying mechanism for the evaluation of pathogens
☑️ Classification Strategies 3 topics
- Phenotypic methods to classify bacteria
- Classification of viruses
- Classification of protists
☑️ Classification Overview of Infectious Diseases 3 topics
- Target organ: intestinal, respiratory tract, blood, urinary, systemic
- Agent: bacterial, viral, protozoan, fungal, prionic, helminthic, ectoparasitic
- Source: anthroponoses, zoonoses and sapronoses
☑️ Transmission of Infectious Diseases 2 topics
- Direct and indirect transmission
- Chain of infection: agent, host, reservoir, portals of exit, mode of transmission, portals of entry
☑️ Infectious Diseases, Signs, Symptoms and Progression 5 topics
- Bacterial diseases
- Viral diseases
- Fungal diseases
- Prionic diseases
- Parasitic diseases
☑️ Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 3 topics
- Disease prevention
- Diseases treatments
- Current issues
☑️ Health and Safety 5 topics
- Current legislation relating to the use of microorganisms in the workplace
- Biosafety cabinets, biosafety classification levels, use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
- Methods of sterilisation and disinfection
- Aseptic technique
- Safe culturing of microorganisms
☑️ Microscopy and Staining Techniques 4 topics
- Use of a microscope to observe microorganisms
- Staining techniques
- Growth characteristics in broths
- Limitations of staining techniques and morphological studies for identifying microorganisms
☑️ Culture of Microorganisms 4 topics
- Types of media
- Methods of cell culture
- Differential media
- Isolation of pure cultures from mixed populations
☑️ Quantitative Analysis of Microbes 2 topics
- Total population count
- Viable counts: serial dilutions, streak/spread plating
☑️ Investigating the Substances that Inhibit the Growth of Microorganisms 4 topics
- Identification of variables to change and control
- Suitability of pour plate or spread plate with confluent growth, incubation times, correct measurement of zones of inhibition
- Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
- Measurement of antimicrobial susceptibility by zones of inhibition
☑️ Interpretation, Analysis and Evaluation 8 topics
- Data collection and awareness of anomalous data, repeats and validity
- Numerical data identified and presented
- Trends and patterns in data
- Sources of error in data
- Draw conclusions in relation to the purpose of the investigation
- Evidence to support conclusions/claims made
- Common limitations
- Potential areas for further research and development identified
☑️ Understand Health Issues and Associated Initiatives and Research 4 topics
- Infections
- Health and lifestyle initiatives
- Genetic initiatives
- Medical prevention and treatments
☑️ Understand the Influence of Organisations/Individuals on Health Issues 3 topics
- Government and global organisations
- Non-government organisations and associations
- Individuals
☑️ Interpret, Analyse and Evaluate Scientific Information 9 topics
- Primary and secondary research
- Qualitative evidence
- Quantitative evidence
- Use of accurate/reliable sources of information
- Trends/patterns/anomalous data and sources of error in data
- Comparisons of primary and secondary data
- Validity and reliability
- Validity of conclusions identified and relevance to the purpose of the investigation
- Evidence to support conclusions/claims made
☑️ Understand How Health Issues and Initiatives are Reported in Different Media and for Different Audiences 3 topics
- Reporting medium
- Target audience
- Presentation and reporting
Level 3 Applied Human Biology BTEC Revision Content
Take a look at the written content available for this course. Practice-question availability may vary.
Level 3 Applied Human Biology BTEC - Cells, Tissues and Biological Molecules - General structure and function of biological molecules Content Preview
Cells, Tissues and Biological Molecules
General structure and function of biological molecules
Biological Molecules Overview
- Biological molecules are all the substances that are present in living organisms.
- They are formed from simple molecules by chemical reactions, which are controlled by enzymes.
- These molecules make up the structure of cells and perform many of the functions necessary for life.
Proteins
- Proteins are constructed from small building blocks called amino acids.
- There are 20 different types of amino acids, and their sequence is specific to each protein.
- Some proteins are structural, forming part of cells or tissues. Various proteins have a functional role, such as enzymes and hormones.
- The shape of a protein is critical to its function, and changes to the shape can inactivate the protein.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
- They come in different forms, including simple sugars (monosaccharides) like glucose, double sugars (disaccharides) like sucrose, and complex sugars (polysaccharides) like starch and cellulose.
- Carbohydrates function as the primary energy source for cellular functions, help in storage and transport of energy, and provide structural support in cells.
Lipids
- Lipids are large molecules made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- They include fats, oils, and waxes. Triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids are the most common types of lipids in biology.
- Lipids function as a long-term energy store, provide insulation, protection, and are essential for forming cell membranes.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides, which are composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
- Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, which carry genetic information and are responsible for protein synthesis.
- DNA is a double helix structure and stores and transfers genetic information during cell division, while RNA is typically a single strand that codes, decodes, regulates, and expresses genes.
Water and Inorganic Ions
- Water H2O, an inorganic molecule, is necessary for life, helping in transport, temperature regulation, and chemical reactions.
- Inorganic ions like Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl-, are involved in various cellular functions including pH buffering, enzyme activity, water balance, nerve and muscle function.
Question: What role do carbohydrates play in cellular functions and provide an example of a specific type of carbohydrate?
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