Research methods
Overview of Research Methods
- Research methods in psychology are various strategies, techniques, or procedures used to gather and interpret data.
- They aid in the understanding of human behaviour and cognitive processes.
- A diversity of methods are used including quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, correlational, experimental, among others.
Quantitative Methods
- Quantitative research involves the collection of numerical data and the use of statistical analysis.
- It measures the incidence, distribution, and relationships among variables.
- It is objective and focuses on hypothesis testing.
- Experiments and surveys are classic examples of quantitative research methods.
- In experimental research, variables are manipulated and effects measured.
- Surveys, on the other hand, are tools used to collect information about individual's thoughts, feelings, or behaviours in a structured way.
Qualitative Methods
- Qualitative research is used to gain an in-depth understanding of human behaviour, experience, attitudes, intentions, and motivations.
- Data collection methods include interviews, focus groups, and observations.
- The interpretation of stories, behaviour, and articles or media is called content analysis.
- Its strength lies in the richness of the data collected, often leading to more realistic conclusions.
Correlational Studies
- Correlational research measures the relationship between two variables.
- It can help predict behaviour but cannot determine cause and effect.
- Positive correlation exists when an increase in one variable results in an increase in another and vice versa.
- Negative correlation exists when an increase in one variable results in a decrease in another.
Experimental Methods
- Experimental methods involve the manipulation of an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable.
- Controlled conditions mean that other contributing factors are kept constant, reducing the likelihood of error.
- Experiments can be conducted in both laboratory settings and real-life environments.
- These methods are very good for determining cause and effect relationships.
Ethical Considerations in Research
- Ethical considerations are crucial in all aspects of research, ensuring that the research process is respectful and fair.
- Informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, and protection from harm are key ethical principles.
- Researchers should at all times avoid deceiving participants and should debrief participants after research.
- Any potential harm or discomfort for participants must be considered and avoided.
This summarises the foundational aspects of research methods in psychology. It's vital to understand these to fully grasp the principles of psychological research and to be able to critically evaluate psychological studies.