A Level Music Edexcel

Movement I As a whole

Overview

• The first movement of J. S. Bach’s Cantata, BWV 80, is a choral fantasia.
• Its lyrics are based on Martin Luther’s chorale “Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott”.
• This movement is written in D Major, showcasing Bach's expertise in counterpoint and harmony.

Structure

• The movement is set in da capo form, meaning ‘from the head’ in Italian, so it follows an ABA' structure.
• The A section features the opening lines of Luther’s chorale and is in D Major.
• The B section brings new material, departing to the related minor key of b minor.
• Upon return to the A' section, the original music is recapitulated but with variations.

Instrumentation

• The piece is scored for SATB chorus, three Oboes, Violino Concertino, Violino I/II, Viola, Continuo (Subbasso and Organo).
• It utilises distinct instrumental textures, including ritornello form, where the opening orchestral material returns in pieces throughout the movement.
• The chorus sings the chorale melody or cantus firmus in long note values, mostly as homophonic block chords.

Themes and Motifs

• Movement I features several recurring motifs, including the ‘leaping’ motif, characterised by large interval leaps, and the ‘driving’ motif, characterised by fast, rhythmically driving quavers.
• The “Fear Not” motif – a rapid ascending and descending figure – is a musical symbol of fear overcome by faith.
• The movement is fugal, with the different voices echoing the same melody at different times.

Lyrics

• The words center around the theme of faith being a fortress against adversity.
• The lyrics, scored as a chorale, are presented by the choir in a slow, deliberate rhythm, emphasising the solidity and permanence of faith.

Tonality and Harmony

• Counterpoint and complex harmonies are employed, indicative of Bach's style.
• Quick modulations, unexpected chord progressions, and dissonance followed by resolution create a sense of tension and release.

Rhythm and Pace

• Movement I has a lively pace, characterised by many semi-quaver runs.
• The rhythm varies between the more controlled, regular rhythm of the chorale verses and the rollicking rhythm of the 'driving' motif.

Significance

• This movement is sometimes referred to as the "Reformation Cantata", given its usage of Martin Luther’s chorale.
• It showcases the power of Bach’s creativity in handling a well-known hymn tune, transforming it into an intricate piece of Baroque choral music.