Movement I As a whole
Overview
- The first movement of J. S. Bach’s Cantata, BWV 80, is a choral fantasia.
- Its lyrics are based on Martin Luther’s chorale “Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott”.
- This movement is written in D Major, showcasing Bach's expertise in counterpoint and harmony.
Structure
- The movement is set in da capo form, meaning ‘from the head’ in Italian, so it follows an ABA' structure.
- The A section features the opening lines of Luther’s chorale and is in D Major.
- The B section brings new material, departing to the related minor key of b minor.
- Upon return to the A' section, the original music is recapitulated but with variations.
Instrumentation
- The piece is scored for SATB chorus, three Oboes, Violino Concertino, Violino I/II, Viola, Continuo (Subbasso and Organo).
- It utilises distinct instrumental textures, including ritornello form, where the opening orchestral material returns in pieces throughout the movement.
- The chorus sings the chorale melody or cantus firmus in long note values, mostly as homophonic block chords.
Themes and Motifs
- Movement I features several recurring motifs, including the ‘leaping’ motif, characterised by large interval leaps, and the ‘driving’ motif, characterised by fast, rhythmically driving quavers.
- The “Fear Not” motif – a rapid ascending and descending figure – is a musical symbol of fear overcome by faith.
- The movement is fugal, with the different voices echoing the same melody at different times.
Lyrics
- The words center around the theme of faith being a fortress against adversity.
- The lyrics, scored as a chorale, are presented by the choir in a slow, deliberate rhythm, emphasising the solidity and permanence of faith.
Tonality and Harmony
- Counterpoint and complex harmonies are employed, indicative of Bach's style.
- Quick modulations, unexpected chord progressions, and dissonance followed by resolution create a sense of tension and release.
Rhythm and Pace
- Movement I has a lively pace, characterised by many semi-quaver runs.
- The rhythm varies between the more controlled, regular rhythm of the chorale verses and the rollicking rhythm of the 'driving' motif.
Significance
- This movement is sometimes referred to as the "Reformation Cantata", given its usage of Martin Luther’s chorale.
- It showcases the power of Bach’s creativity in handling a well-known hymn tune, transforming it into an intricate piece of Baroque choral music.