Introduction to Buddhism
Origins and Founder
- Buddhism originated in the north of India in around 500 BCE.
- The founder of Buddhism is Siddhartha Gautama, more commonly known as the Buddha.
- After a profound spiritual awakening under a Bodhi tree, the Buddha spent the rest of his life teaching others the path to such awakening.
Core Beliefs
- The central tenet of Buddhism is the Four Noble Truths, which diagnose the problem of human suffering and provide a prescription for its cure.
- Samsara is the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth that all beings are caught up in.
- Karma refers to the consequences of a person's actions, which affect their future existence in samsara.
- Nirvana is the ultimate goal of Buddhist practice, representing liberation from samsara.
- Buddhism promotes the Middle Way, a path of moderation, avoiding extremes of both indulgence and asceticism.
Key Practices
- Meditation is a crucial practice for Buddhists, helping to cultivate mindfulness and understanding of the Four Noble Truths.
- Observing moral precepts, including not taking life, not stealing, not lying, and avoiding intoxicants.
- The Buddha's teachings, known as the Dharma, guide all aspects of Buddhist life.
- Many Buddhists participate in sangha, or religious community activities.
Major Sects
- Theravada Buddhism is more conservative, aiming to preserve the original teachings of the Buddha.
- Mahayana Buddhism is known for its bodhisattva ideal, emphasising compassion and the collective liberation of all beings.
- The Vajrayana or Tibetan Buddhism incorporates esoteric rituals alongside the traditional teachings.
Buddhism in the World
- Buddhism spread throughout India and then to other parts of Asia, including China, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
- It is estimated that there are between 300 and 500 million Buddhists in the world today.
- Modern Buddhism has adapted to local cultures, resulting in diverse traditions and practices.
Social and Ethical Teachings
- Buddhism prioritises non-violence and compassion towards all sentient beings.
- Buddhism encourages mindfulness in daily life, and promotes detachment from material possessions.
- Equality and inclusiveness are also integral to Buddhist teachings, with the understanding that all beings possess Buddha-nature.