National 5 Religious, Moral and Philosophical Studies SQA

Three Marks of Existence

Three Marks of Existence

Buddhist teachings emphasize the Three Marks of Existence - 'Anicca,' 'Dukkha,' and 'Anatta.' These concepts equip an individual with an understanding of the nature of existence and how to navigate the human condition.

Anicca - Impermanence

• Anicca translates to 'impermanence' in Pali, an ancient Indian language.

• Everything in the physical and mental realms is subject to change and does not last forever, affirming the concept of impermanence.

• Change and impermanence are natural parts of existence symbolising birth, growth, decay, and death.

• Understanding Anicca helps Buddhists develop detachment from material possessions, relationships, and their own physical bodies.

Dukkha - Suffering

• The word Dukkha represents all forms of unsatisfactoriness and suffering.

• Buddhism teaches that suffering is an inevitable aspect of life, derived from our inability to see the truth of Anicca and Anatta.

• Craving, desire, attachment, and ignorance are seen as the main causes of Dukkha.

• The way to end Dukkha is by following the Noble Eightfold Path, which is the way to enlightenment according to Buddhism.

Anatta - No Permanent Self

• The term Anatta indicates 'no-self' or 'no soul,' meaning there is no permanent, unchanging self or essence.

• It refutes the idea of 'Atman' or eternal soul as proposed in Hinduism.

• Buddhism proposes that what we perceive as 'self' is a series of interconnected phenomena or experiences (Five Aggregates), which are constantly changing.

• By understanding Anatta, Buddhists strive to eliminate ego and self-centeredness, which contributes to suffering.

The Interconnection of the Three Marks of Existence

• Anicca, Dukkha, and Anatta are interconnected; understanding one mark can contribute to understanding the other two.

• An understanding of Anicca often leads to an understanding of Dukkha, as it shows why attachment results in suffering.

• Similarly, comprehending Dukkha can help understand Anatta as it shows why the concept of a permanent self is problematic.

• By understating these three marks, individuals can live more mindfully, with empathy, compassion, and wisdom thereby reducing suffering and striving for enlightenment.