1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th declension nouns
1st Declension Nouns
- 1st declension nouns are predominantly feminine in gender.
- They typically end in -a in the nominative singular form.
- Endings for the singular forms are: -a, -ae, -ae, -am, -ā.
- Ending for the plural forms are: -ae, -ārum, -īs, -ās, -īs.
- Examples include "terra" (earth), "poena" (punishment) and "nauta" (sailor).
- Exceptions to note: "nauta" (sailor), "agricola" (farmer), and "incola" (inhabitant) which are masculine.
2nd Declension Nouns
- 2nd declension nouns can be masculine, neuter, or feminine in gender.
- Masculine nouns typically end in -us in the nominative singular and neuter nouns typically end in -um in the nominative singular.
- Endings for masculine singular forms are: -us, -i, -o, -um, -o.
- Endings for neuter singular forms are: -um, -i, -o, -um, -o.
- Ending for masculine plural forms are: -i, -orum, -is, -os, -is.
- Ending for neuter plural forms are: -a, -orum, -is, -a, -is.
- Examples include "dominus" (master), "servus" (slave), "bellum" (war), "donum" (gift).
- 2nd declension also includes nouns ending in -r and -er e.g., "puer" (boy), "ager" (field).
3rd Declension Nouns
- 3rd declension nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter in gender.
- There is no typical ending for 3rd declension nouns in the nominative singular.
- Endings for singular forms are: - , -is, -i, -em, -e.
- Endings for plural forms are: -es, -um, -ibus, -es/-a (for neuter), -ibus.
- Examples include "rex" (king), "miles" (soldier), "nomen" (name), "tempus" (time).
4th Declension Nouns
- 4th declension nouns are predominantly masculine but can also be neuter in gender.
- They typically end in -us in the nominative singular form.
- Endings for masculine singular forms are: -us, -ūs, -ui, -um, -u.
- Endings for neuter singular forms are: -u, -ūs, -ui, -u, -u.
- Endings for masculine plural forms are: -ūs, -uum, -ibus, -ūs, -ibus.
- Endings for neuter plural forms are: -ua, -uum, -ibus, -ua, -ibus.
- Examples include "manus" (hand), "senatus" (senate), "cornu" (horn).
5th Declension Nouns
- 5th declension nouns are usually feminine and rarely masculine.
- They typically end in -es in the nominative singular form.
- Endings for singular forms are: -es, -ei, -ei, -em, -e.
- Endings for plural forms are: -es, -erum, -ebus, -es, -ebus.
- Examples include "dies" (day), "res" (thing, matter), "spes" (hope).
- Exceptions to note: "dies" can be both masculine and feminine.